0.25 / 0.25 pts
A critical event in the death of a cell is caused by
Correct!
Disruption of the plasma membrane s permeability barrier
An increase in cellular protein content
An accumulation of lipofuscin
Chronic nutrient insufficiency
Disruption of the plasma membrane barrier, seen in necrosis, results in cellular death. Hypertrophy results primarily from a net increase in cellular protein content Atrophy can result in the accumulation of lipofuscin. Atrophy occurs when cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to a variety of normal and injurious factors, such as nutrient starvation.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
What stage is defined by “fight or flight”?
Correct!
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Adaptation
Alarm is called “fight or flight” because it gives the body a boost of energy to either run or confront. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis. Exhaustion occurs when the body is no longer able to bring about a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agents. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which term is used to describe an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?
Syndrome
Symptom
Correct!
Sign
Stage
A sign is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease. A syndrome is a collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together. A symptom is a subjective feeling. The clinical manifestations of some diseases may change significantly over time, resulting in a completely different clinical presentation at different stages (periods in time).
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Abnormal new cellular growth is referred to as
Apoptosis
Correct!
Neoplasia
Proto-oncogene
Suppressor genes
Neoplasia means abnormal new growth. Apoptosis is the ability of the normal cell to respond to signals instructing the cell to commit suicide. Proto-oncogenes code for components of cellular growth activating pathways. Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell proliferation.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which cellular response is maladaptive?
Shrinkage of cell size
Increase in cell size
Increase in the number of cells
Correct!
Change in the shape or arrangement of cells
Dysplasia (abnormal variations in shape and arrangement of cells) represents an unsuccessful attempt of the cells to adapt. Cells shrink in response to a migration of fluid to balance fluid loss elsewhere in the body. Cells hypertrophy (increase in size) in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. Cells that are capable of mitotic division generally increase their functional capacity by increasing the number of cells (hyperplasia) as well as by hypertrophy. Hyperplasia usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation. Persistent cell injury also may lead to hyperplasia.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which statement is true regarding cancer? (Select all that apply.)
Correct!
The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer.
Correct!
Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host.
Benign tumors grow rapidly than malignant ones.
Anaplasia means more differentiated cells.
Metastasis means less differentiated cells.
The greater the degree of anaplasia, the more aggressive the malignant tumor. Malignant tumors, if left untreated, have the potential to kill. Benign tumors often grow slowly than malignant ones. Anaplasia is a lack of cell differentiation. Metastasis means the invasion of cancer to distant sites.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which statement accurately describes the proliferation of cancer cells?
The resting phase of the cell cycle is prolonged.
Cancer cells grow at the same rate as normal cells.
Correct!
The number of developing cells exceeds the number of dying cells.
The more anaplastic the tumor is, the slower the growth rate of cells.
Malignant cells proliferate despite a lack of growth-initiating signals from the environment, resulting in a change in the ratio of developing cells to dying cells. The resting phase of the cell cycle is not prolonged. Cancer cells grow at more rapid rate than normal cells. The more anaplastic the tumor is, the faster the growth rate of cells.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called
Psychiatry
Correct!
Physiology
Homeostasis
Pathophysiology
Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with mental illness. Homeostasis is a dynamic steady state. Pathophysiology refers to the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which is a characteristic of cancer cells?
Predictable, uniform cell division
Evidence of cellular cohesiveness
Uniform size and shape
Correct!
Poor differentiation
Cancer cells lose their differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue. Cancer cells divide in an unpredictable manner. Cellular cohesiveness is lacking among cancer cells. Cancer cells do not reproduce uniformly in either size or shape.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which condition occurs in the presence of cellular damage?
Cells shrink.
ATP production increases.
Osmotic pressure decreases.
Correct!
Sodium and water move into the cell.
Cellular injury causes failure of the sodium-potassium pump, resulting in migration of sodium ions into the cell. The accumulation of intracellular sodium creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the cell, resulting in hydropic swelling. Cells actually swell, not shrink, as a result of cellular damage. Cellular damage results in the cell’s inability to perform normal metabolic functions owing to insufficient cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Osmotic pressure increases to accommodate for swelling
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which is true regarding catecholamines?
They are from the parasympathetic nervous system.
Correct!
They include epinephrine and norepinephrine.
They cross the blood-brain barrier.
They cause a decrease in heart rate.
Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is secreted from the sympathetic nerves, and epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to skeletal muscles.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
A heart that has to pump harder in order to effectively circulate blood is likely to undergo which type of cellular adaptation?
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Correct!
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Cells hypertrophy in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. If the heart has to pump harder than normal to meet the body s demand for oxygen and nutrients, the cardiac cells will become larger, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. Atrophy results in cell death that would render the cells non-functional. Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. Muscle contraction could possibly be lost rather than enhanced. Hyperplasia would result in an increased number of cells rather than an enhanced pumping capacity.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which term means cause of the disease ?
Correct!
Etiology
Risk factor
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations
Etiology is the cause or reason for a phenomenon. When the link between an etiologic factor and development of a disease is less than certain, but the probability is increased when the factor is present, it is termed a risk factor. The mechanism of disease development is called pathogenesis. The functional consequences of these changes are the clinical manifestations.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which condition explains the genetic basis for cancer development?
Decreased immune function
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Infection by oncogenic bacteria
Correct!
Loss of or defect in tumor suppressor genes
Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cancer proliferation pathways. Decreased immune function and exposure to ionizing radiation may be factors but not the basis of cancer development. Infection by oncogenic bacteria is not a factor, since bacterial infection is not relevant.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is
Genotype
Idiopathic
Ecogenetics
Correct!
Iatrogenic
Iatrogenic means that the cause was medical intervention. Genotype refers to the genetic inheritance for a condition. Idiopathic is when the cause of the condition is unknown. Ecogenetics is a struggle between genetic makeup and environment.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention?
Primary
Correct!
Tertiary
Clinical
Secondary
Tertiary prevention (appropriate in the stage of advanced disease or disability) includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Clinical is a stage referred to in early disease prevention (secondary). Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
In muscle hypertrophy, the hypertrophied cells increase in
Correct!
Size
Number
Calcium
Accumulations
The cellular response to persistent, sublethal stress reflects the cell’s efforts to adapt. A common adaptive response is hypertrophy resulting in an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. An increase in calcium would be pathological and likely result in tetany. An increase in accumulations would be pathological and likely result in cell injury
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which term is used to describe the histologic characterization of tumor cells?
Staging
Correct!
Grading
Cachexia
Angiogenesis
Grading refers to the histologic characterization of tumor cells and is basically a determination of the degree of anaplasia. Staging describes the location and pattern of spread of a tumor within the host. Cachexia is a sign of cancer and refers to overall weight loss. Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Cellular hypoxia results in
Increased pH
Enhanced ATP activity
Loss of intracellular calcium
Correct!
Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. ATP provides the power required to drive the sodium-potassium pump. pH decreases in hypoxia (respiratory acidosis). Hypoxiabis a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. Deposits of calcium salts occur in conditions of altered calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Which term is used to describe the deficiency in circulating platelets?
Anemia
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Correct!
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is a deficiency in circulation platelets, which are important mediators of blood clotting. Anemia is a deficiency of circulating red blood cells. Leukopenia is a decrease in white blood cells. Leukocytosis is an increase in circulating white blood cells.
Quiz Score: 5 out of 5